Handheld Mobile Devices Essay -- Technology

Examination has demonstrated that utilization of hand held cell phones while driving can build the danger of crash by up to multiple times (Vic Roads, 2009). While trying to control the quantity of individuals facing such challenges, TAC propelled a battle to carry attention to the issue of occupied drivers, a large number of whom are diverted by hand held cell phones, usually used to talk or text while driving. Considering the insights in regards to the opportunity of crash while taking part in such exercises and the predominance of the issue, TAC has propelled the crusade with any expectation of making disposition change. The TAC advert, saw by members of this examination, shows different circumstances of diverted drivers. Two circumstances of explicit importance to this investigation, chatting on a hand held portable and messaging while driving. In all events the peril is available, in the last circumstance the peril is acknowledged by means of the accident. ‘Attitude’ can be characterized as an allowance of faith based expectations, sentiments, conduct inclinations and assessments, that are for the most part suffering, and are certain or adverse in nature, with respect to some individual, gathering, object, issue, occasion or image (Vaughan and Hogg, 2011). This uncovers the tricky idea of any endeavor to utilize influence to drive disposition change. While suffering, versatile perspectives are probably not going to be effortlessly changed, it isn't difficult to do as such. A double procedure hypothesis was proposed by Petty and Cacioppo (1981), the Elaboration Likelihood Model in which, demeanor change can happen by means of two procedures. The Elaboration Likelihood Model hypothesizes two preparing courses of influence, the Central Route, and the Peripheral Route. The previous alludes to progressively cautious idea using increasingly intellectual assets, while the last mentioned, less roused, less vehicle... ...erely the hand held versatile. It has been estimated that laws relating to restricting of mobiles while driving ought to incorporate hands free mobiles. Future examination ought to use this data and maybe measure perspectives in regards to all telephone use while driving instead of just hand held telephone use. This examination has used the two procedures of elaboration set out in the Elaboration Likelihood Model, to quantify the achievement of the TAC battle, in changing perspectives of favourability towards the risky act of utilizing a hand held versatile while driving. The consequences of the examination show that demeanor change is conceivable through both Central and Peripheral Route handling, as estimated when seeing the TAC notice. Focal Route handling has an unmistakable bit of leeway and was essentially more viable than Peripheral Route preparing in demeanor change.

Hispanic Immigrants: Victims of Discrimination

Running head: HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS Hispanic Immigrants: Victims of Discrimination Kathleen Juarbe-Gorgas Professor Dettmann October 21, 2010 United States is the place that is known for outsiders or the place that is known for white individuals? In light of the U. S. history when Christopher Columbus finds America, the Europeans start worker for better chances. The Native Indians was the proprietor of this land yet the European took it over. As a result of the subjection, individuals from different nations came to U. S. to work either deliberate or automatic. Accordingly in today society we have all the decent variety in ethnicity.However the outsider arrive, they have a shared objective accomplish the American dream. Things being what they are, if this nation has been work with foreigners why Americans victimize them? Movement is a significant issue in U. S. since they’re numerous instances of unlawful movement. The general public makes the American dream practically difficult to any migrant yet particularly to the Hispanics. The Americans contend that the Hispanics migrant come here to carry out violations. Assault, grabbing, manslaughters, street pharmacists and burglary are some of regular wrongdoings carry out by Hispanics immigrants.A well known felony between unlawful settlers is data fraud. Wholesale fraud is the point at which someone took government managed savings cards, birth endorsements, distinguishing proof cards, driver licenses and some other sort of ID that can be abused or distort. Once in a while the counter workers have appalling encounters with the unlawful migrant that make them oppressed all. (Foundation on victimization settlers, 2009) Also, the counter migrant dissent that the outsider took the Americans works for a less pay.The American believes that Hispanic foreigners are no different; they’re illicit and result in these present circumstances nation to carry out wrongdoings. However, the Hispanic workers result in these present circumstances nation to accomplish the American dream. More often than not they move to U. S. to have better open doors on the grounds that in their nation is unimaginable rise up out of the destitution. The idea of any Hispanic worker is to have a superior activity to give the family, give a superior instruction to their youngsters and if conceivable compensation the school educational cost. Yet additionally accomplish the greatest test in this nation, the English language.The Hispanic settler has the fearless to conquer any boundary and come here without knowing the language, the way of life or now and then have any family member and start from the base until accomplish the objectives. (Foundation on oppression settlers, 2009) The reality of being outsider is sufficient for separation at the point to perpetrate a wrongdoing? A loathe wrongdoing that stunned the Hispanic people group was the murder of Luis Ramirez. An unlawful foreigner who dwelled in Shenandoah, Pennsylva nia; he was survivor of a passing beating from gathering of Caucasian teenagers.Another instance of loathe against Latinos happened five months after Ramirez demise in Long Island, NY. Marcelo Lucero was lethal beaten by young person only for being Latino. (Raul, 2010) Those are instances of the impacts of separation in the United States society. The abhor violations have been practice in each of the 50 states from individuals who are supremacist. Rather than helping our locale, those violations are making most exceedingly awful. The separation resembles a hereditary ailment that is produce from the prejudice which goes from age to generation.The enemies of settlers accept that the white race is better than some other race. They practice victimization outsider. They are rehashing the history when the African-Americans were arraigned on the grounds that they were blacks. The counter outsider has developments, for example, Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) who are agai nst any sort of movement change. Certain way the main mindful of migration issues in United States are the colonizers since they carry the slave from different nations to do the hard work.Instead to be preferences and prejudice against the outsider and fault on them; the counter worker should peruse and exhaustive the U. S. history to stop the segregation. References Background on victimization settlers. (2009). Recovered August 30, 2010, from Do Something: www. dosomething. organization National Council of La Raza. (2010). Abhor Flashpoints. Recovered August 30, 2010, from We Can Stop The Hate: www. wecanstopthehate. organization Raul, R. (2010, January 22). Equity gets extreme on detest wrongdoings . Recovered October 20, 2010, from EbscoHost: www. ebscohost. com

Health Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Health Psychology Research Topic Ideas Student Resources Print Health Psychology Topic Ideas By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 08, 2018 Blend Images - Hill Street Studios / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Health psychology, also known as medical psychology or behavioral medicine,  focuses on how biology, psychology, behavior,  and social factors influence health and well-being.?? Its a diverse and rich field worth exploring if youre studying to be a health professional and have an assignment that requires doing research or writing a paper. Health Psychology Research and Paper Topic Ideas Next time youre looking for a research topic for your studies and would like to focus on health psychology, consider the suggestions that follow. These can be the inspiration for an experiment, a research paper, or any other type of class project. Before you begin, make sure the topic youre interested in is in keeping with the specific assignment. Even if your instructor doesnt require you to get approval for your intended topic, its always a good idea to run it by him before you delve too deeply into your research. Of course, make sure youve chosen a subject that you know youll be able to find appropriate sources for. You wouldnt want to commit to a project only to find that theres not enough existing information to work with. Again, input from your instructor can prevent you from wasting time on a topic that offers little to go on. How to Find Good Sources for Your Psychology Research Paper Exercise and Eating Behavior Topic Ideas Explore some of the psychological strategies that can help people stick to a diet and exercise program. Is there any singular strategy that is more effective than others?Analyze how media depictions of ideal bodies influence anorexia and bulimia.?? Is there a link between exposure to these images and eating disorders? Family Health and Safety Topic Ideas Explore how increased public awareness of infant safety, such as placing an infant on his back to sleep, or removing pillows and other objects from the sleeping area, have influenced the occurrence of SIDS or crib death. Has the number of SIDS-related deaths gone down? Why do some parents ignore these sleep safety guidelines?Assess current approaches to childhood immunizations. Why do some parents choose not to immunize their children??? How does this impact public health? What can health professionals do to increase the likelihood that kids are immunized?Explore the factors that contribute to  teen suicide. How effective are suicide prevention programs?Look at the emotional, social, and psychological impact of caregiving, such as taking care of an aging parent, a family member with AIDS, or a spouse suffering from Alzheimers. Public Health Topic Ideas What can  mental health  and medical professionals do to help people cope in the immediate aftermath of a disaster??? Are there any strategies that result in better long-term outcomes?Research the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans. What factors contribute to whether an individual veteran experiences PTSD??? What mental health interventions are most effective in treating this disorder?Evaluate how stress management techniques and relaxation methods can help patients suffering from chronic pain. How effective are these tactics? How do they compare to traditional pharmacological approaches to pain management?Compare and contrast different approaches to smoking cessation. Which strategies are the most effective?Look at different techniques that can be used to increase the likelihood that people will use safety equipment such as seatbelts and bicycle helmets. What type of public safety program would you devise to encourage the use of these products?

Comparing Rousseau And Mill On Liberty Essay - 1838 Words

The term â€Å"civil or social liberties† is one that garners a lot of attention and focus from both Rousseau and Mill, although they tackle the subject from slightly different angles. Rousseau believes that the fundamental problem facing people’s capacity to leave the state of nature and enter a society in which their liberty is protected is the ability to â€Å"find a form of association that defends and protects the person and goods of each associate with all the common force, and by means of which each one, uniting with all, nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before† (Rousseau 53). Man is forced to leave the state of nature because their resistance to the obstacles faced is beginning to fail (Rousseau 52). Mill does not†¦show more content†¦By joining civil society and becoming a part of the general will, man is enriching his actions with a morality and rationality that was previously lacking. As he states in Book I, Chapter VIII, â€Å"although in this state he deprives himself of several advantages given to him by nature, he gains such great ones†¦that changed him from a stupid, limited animal into an intelligent being and a man† (Rousseau 56). What man posses in nature is an unlimited physical freedom to pursue everything that tempts him, although this is viewed by Rousseau as almost an enslavement towards one’s own instincts. In a civil state man is benefited by â€Å"substituting justice for instinct in his behaviour and giving his actions the morality they previously lacked† (Rousseau 54). In acting in accordance with the general will man is granted the most important form of all freedoms, civil freedom. Freedom of individuality is seen as the essential form of freedom according to Mill. The freedom of thought and speech, discussed in Chapter 2, do play a pivotal role in ensuring freedom, however, they are viewed more as a means to an end rather than being something that should be pursued for its own good. The freedom of individuality is essential for human progress and development and â€Å"it is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed human beings† (Mill 70). It is this stressed importance on the importance ofShow MoreRelatedRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinctively different. Rousseau, Mill, and Constant exhibit a very different view of the modernizing society. This paper seeks to point out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. Rousseau’s Vision of Liberty Although, Rousseau distinguishes two specific types of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty. Rousseau states, that naturalRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Articulated By Unpacking Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinctively different. Rousseau, Mill, and Constant exhibit a very different view of the modernizing society. This paper seeks to flash out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. Although, Rousseau distinguishes two specific types of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty. Natural liberty, Rousseau states, is the freedomRead MoreRousseau, Mill, And Constant Essay1783 Words   |  8 Pagesopposite, they are at the very least distinctively different. Rousseau, Mill, and Constant exhibit a very different view of the modernizing society. This paper seeks to flash out the distinct visions of liberty that Rousseau, Mill, and Constant articulated by unpacking and discerning the central premises of each argument, pitting them against each other through comparing and contrasting. While it may be true that, Jean-Jacques Rousseau central idea in The Social Contract needs little explanationRead More Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau2026 Words   |  9 PagesComparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Lockes â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government†, Mills â€Å"On Liberty†, and Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse On The Origins of Inequality† are influential and compelling literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinker’s ideal state present divergent visions of the very nature of man and hisRead MoreFreedom And Its Effect On Society1344 Words   |  6 Pageskey themes of freedom and equality we have to look at them individually to focus and break them down into their key descriptions. Freedom can be broken down into a few different areas such as legitimating freedom as a concept, identifying and comparing freedoms, negative and positive freedoms. Freedom as a legitimating concept can be defined quite clearly as it shows the differences of opinion people may have in determining ‘freedoms’( Andrews. G, Czajka. A, O’cain. A, Prokhovnik .R ,2015). InRead MoreWhat Is Economic Freedom?1509 Words   |  7 Pagessame. In order to truly explain what economic freedom is, one must explain the economic system which provides the greatest form of freedom, the pillars of economic freedom and in what ways is the governing body responsible for upholding the economic liberty in its nation. Like every other freedom, even the economic freedom was never given but had to be fought and won. In order to truly grasp the significance of what freedom mean in the economic world, one has to delve in its history and understand theRead MoreNormality and Coercion: Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls3749 Words   |  15 Pagesand coercion. The 17th Century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes is now widely regarded as one of a handful of truly great political philosophers, whose masterwork Leviathan rivals in significance the political writings of Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls. Hobbes is famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as â€Å"social contract theory†, the method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made amongRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pagesarchive is a private copy of the first print edition of 1821 that was annotated by Hegel himself for use in subsequent lectures. In Hegels view, property is something that enables the exercise of subjective freedom rather than a consequence of civil liberties. Thus, literary property is also a manifestation of a persons free will. Hegels concept of individual, personal rights as a basis of copyright was influenced by Kant an d Fichte and had some bearing on the later theories of Gareis, Gierke and BluntschliRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDelCampo, University of New Mexico Kristen Detienne, Brigham Young University Doug Dierking, University of Texas at Austin Cynthia Doil, Southern Illinois University Jennifer Dose, Messiah College Ceasar Douglas, Florida State University David Duby, Liberty University Ken Dunegan, Cleveland State University Michael Dutch, Greensboro College Kathleen Edwards, University of Texas at Austin Berrin Erdogan, Portland State University Ellen Fagenson Eland, George Mason University Lenny Favara, Central ChristianRead MoreGame Theory and Economic Analyst83847 Words   |  336 Pagesbalanced transfers that satisfy a paretian criterion of collective eï ¬Æ'ciency. Next they analyze the problem of each player’s revelation of his private information, which permits them to reduce equilibrium constraints to incentive constraints. In comparing the conclusions yielded by their model with the results obtained by other methods, they are able to specify the domains in which their research may be applied (public oversight, relation between producers and consumers of public goods, judgment

The Picture Of Dorian Gray Literary Analysis - 1029 Words

The Picture of Dorian Gray: What’s the meaning? The famous and well-renowned saying â€Å"do not judge a book by its cover† is something we have all heard ever since we were little children. In the novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, this advice is crucial. This idiom expresses that someone should not judge something based on its appearance. A book, or in the case of this novel, a person, might actually be very different from the image portrayed on its cover or their outside appearance. This could not be more evident in the novel, The picture of Dorian Gray. In the novel, you can never be sure whats lying beneath the handsome outer surface that is the main character, Dorian Gray. What may look gorgeous on the outside could easily be†¦show more content†¦This forms the beginning thoughts in Dorian that appearances are the only thing to matter in the world. During the novel, a painter named Basil Hallward, one of the previously mentioned character Lord Henry’s friend, does a wonderfully done painting of Dorian Gray. Dorian later realizes that he will keep his youthful and beautiful appearance regardless of whatever immoral actions he chooses to indulge in. Dorian Gray then goes on to consider himself free of the moral constraints thus leading to his eventual downfall, related to his inward and outward appearance being strongly opposite. Dorian begins to value his own physical appearance more than the true state of his soul. As the novel goes on, this is openly displayed by the increasing degradation of the portrait painted by Basil. In this way, The Picture of Dorian Gray, should be read as a moralistic tale warning against the dangers of valuing ones appearance too highly, and neglecting ones conscience. This furthers the idea of not judging by the outer appearance of something or someone. As Dorian’s obsession with beaut y grows, it becomes evident that he now seems to have a sort of ‘double life’, â€Å"Certainly no one looking at Dorian Gray that night could have believed that he had passed through a tragedy as horrible as any tragedy of our age. Those finely shaped fingers could never have clutched a knife for sin, norShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Character Analysis830 Words   |  4 Pagesthe way the characters themselves interact with both their own thoughts and the world around them. In the works chosen, the appearances of the characters to be analyzed fall on opposite ends of the spectrum of aestheticism. Dorian Gray, from Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray possesses an â€Å"...extraordinary personal beauty (Wilde 1),† one that controls other character’s reception of him, as well as affecting his own inner thoughts, for he knows that he seen as beautiful. On the opposite side ofRead MoreOscar Fingal O Flahertie Wilde1533 Words   |   7 PagesConstance Lloyd. During the first years of his marriage, he had two children, Cyril and Vyvyan, and had become a successful writing reviewer. He also became a famous playwright and novel author; releasing his only, yet successful novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. After these years of great success and prosperity, Wilde came to his downfall through his homosexual relations with Robert Ross, and mainly, Lord Alfred Douglas. Through these affairs, and his involvement with male prostitutes, Wilde wasRead MoreAbstract Aestheticism in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray2148 Words   |  9 Pageswould, that by giving art a value greater than its beauty, society is in turn ruining it. He also added that art must be looked at as a whole, and only those who can see the complete picture can truly understand the meaning behind art, while also seeing into the artists soul. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde portrays aestheticism in many ways, mainly through art and the human soul. Wilde, comparable to a puppeteer, manipulates each character in order to ultimately depict theRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Oscar Wilde s Work Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pages Literary Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s work. Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and critic. He is viewed as one of the best dramatists of the Victorian Era. Besides literary accomplishments, he is also famous, or perhaps infamous, for his intelligence, showiness, and affairs with men. He was tried and imprisoned for his homosexual relationship (then considered a crime). In the wake of writing in various structures all through the 1880s, heRead More The Conscience of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray2865 Words   |  12 PagesThe Conscience of Dorian Gray in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray Much of the criticism regarding The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde has dealt with Dorian Gray’s relation to his own portrait (Raby 392). While some may argue that the portrait represents a reflection of Dorian Gray’s character, this is only a superficial analysis of the novel and Dorian’s character. While Dorian Gray’s true character never changes, it is his own perception of his character (his conscience) thatRead MoreThe Balance of Dorian Grays Structure of Personality in Oscar Wildes Novel the Picture of Dorian Gray: a Study of Psychoanalysis3447 Words   |  14 PagesTHE BALANCE OF DORIAN GRAY’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY IN OSCAR WILDE’S NOVEL THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY: A STUDY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Background of the study Human lives with their desire though some of their desire are failed to deliver because of the norms border. As a human, we live in a community and it is impossible to do as we please. Norms play the role as law where it limits our behavior and make the standard law points about what we can do or what we cannot do. This law usually opposesRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Oscar Wilde s The Canterville Ghost And The Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of characters, plot and literary criticism of Oscar Wilde’s Novel â€Å"The Canterville Ghost† and â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and critic. He is viewed as one of the best dramatists of the Victorian Era. Besides literary accomplishments, he is also famous, or perhaps or notorious, for his intelligence, showiness, and affairs with men. He was tried and imprisoned for his homosexual relationship (then considered a crime)Read MoreWhen Art Imitates Art757 Words   |  3 Pagestheir means of expression. â€Å"It is practically certain that music and literature, usually combined with dance, arose as a single activity long before the concept of an art existed. In later stages of history, the connections between the musical and literary arts have varied from nation to nation and period to period. (†¦) As soon as the arts of music and literature began to draw apart, the possibility of one’s influencing the other arose.† If we believe that art is an imitation of life, then musicRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray Essay18 71 Words   |  8 Pagesexception. In creating the story of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde used his experience of sitting in on a painting session, done by a Basil Ward. He then proceeded to comment on how it would be amazing if the painting aged while the subject of the painting did not. Throughout the novel, we notice this kind of lifestyle being lived out by Dorian and Lord Henry, but we also see how Dorian handles his conscience based on his actions. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel that, while it has its controversiesRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Self Discovery2522 Words   |  11 Pagesmez Dr. McCollister ENGL 3314 April 4, 2015 The Pursuit of Self-Discovery: A Psychoanalytic look at The Picture of Dorian Gray When one hears the title The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde a flash of Faustian images such as villains, tragedy, and worldly pleasures might come to mind. The reader might recall Lord Henry Wotton as the Mephistophelian presence of the novel, and his epigram that â€Å"All influence is immoral†¦because to influence a person is to give him one s own soul† (Wilde 19-20)

Civilize Them With A Stick Free Essays

1) Study Guide Questions for Test #1 To Prepare for Test #1, I recommend that you write down your responses to the following questions. You do not have to turn this assignment in for credit. If you are unclear about the answers after reading the chapters, contact me. We will write a custom essay sample on Civilize Them With A Stick or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you’d like me to look over your answers before your test, email them to me. This assignment is designed to help you prepare for the test. You will only be tested on material that relates to the study guide questions: Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions: 1. Define and describe sociology. 2. Describe the sociological imagination and apply the sociological imagination to one aspect of your own life. 3. Define and distinguish the macro and micro levels of social life. 4. Describe and distinguish the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theoretical perspectives. Explain how each perspective would attempt to understand a college degree. Obedience Video Study Guide Questions: 1. Describe Milgram’s experiment, his research findings, and your own reaction to the video. 2. Discuss ways in which the findings of the Milgram experiment relate to things that occur in the real world. 3. In what way did proximity to the subject affect obedience? In what way did proximity to the authority figure influence obedience? How did groups influence obedience? (hint: variations are shown at the end of the video) 4. What are the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) in the study (Chapter 2 of the textbook defines these terms). 5. What was the operational definition of obedience (Chapter 2 defines this term) Chapter 2 Study Guide Questions: 1. Define objectivity and explain why it is important 2. Describe the 6 steps of the scientific method and be prepared to assess whether or not the scientific method has been followed in an exam question that provides your with a research study to assess. 3. Define operational definition. Be prepared to identify and assess the validity of an operational definition in an exam question that provides you with  information about a research study. 4. Define and distinguish independent, dependent, and control variables. Be prepared to identify and distinguish independent and dependent variables in an exam question that provides you with information about a research study. 5. Explain the difference between correlation and a causal relationship between variables. 6. Define and distinguish validity and reliability. 7. Define sample and explain the importance of a random sample. Be prepared to identify sampling issues and discuss the importance of a random sample in an exam question that provides you with information about a research study. 8. Briefly describe and be prepared to identify the following research methods: survey, experiment, field research and secondary data analysis. 9. Distinguish mean, median and mode. Explain why the median income in the U.S. is a better measure of the â€Å"middle value† than the mean (hint: consider the impact of incomes such as that of OprahWinfrey, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates on an average). Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions: 1. Define culture. 2. Define and distinguish material and non-material culture. 3. Define and distinguish norms and values. 4. Describe the types of norms (mores and folkways). Provide one example of the different types of norms that relate to your own life. 5. Define sanctions. Provide one example of sanctions that have influenced your own behavior 6. Define and distinguish ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Explain how the article, â€Å"Civilize Them With a Stick† Relates to ethnocentrism. 7. Define and distinguish subculture and counterculture. 8. Define culture shock. How to cite Civilize Them With A Stick, Papers

Lord of the Flies

Lord of the Flies- Fear is the Source of All Evil Essay The Lord of the Flies is all about fear. Golding seems to be suggesting that fear, and its complications are the source of all evil. Throughout the novel, the boys show fear in many things. They see and hear assorted things on the island and assume them to be beasts to be dreaded. After much disorder and turmoil on the island, a group of hunters offer a gift to the much sought after and feared beast. A young boy, who is not a part of the group of hunters, encounters their gift to the feared beast and he even talked to it, learning the causes of all the evil on the island. The boy attempts to share his discovery in an attempt to end the fear of the beast and to halt the evil on the island. Sadly, he is mistaken for the dreaded beast that apparently inhabits the island. The hunters, in fear, savagely, murder Simon, ending all ones hopes for the end of evil. By the end of the novel, all the boys, except for Ralph have regressed into a primitive state and have lost all morals, until thei r rescue, when they finally see how bad they have been. The plot of this novel is based on fear, fear that leads to evil. In Beast from the Water, fear spreads through the group. Ralph, the current leader of the group, tries to convince the boys that their fear of a beast is absurd. Ralph is unsuccessful in deterring the fear of the boys. Several of them tell of monsters they have heard of, like the giant squid, and ponder the fact that beasts and ghosts may be roaming the island. Ralph observes all this and is powerless to control the situation. He calls a vote to decide if the ghosts are real. This is the climax of a series of futile attempts to hinder their fear. The sanity that is left among the boys is disappearing rapidly. The fear of the beasts is only growing more serious. In a group meeting, Simon tries to tell the boys that if there is a beast to fear, it exists within their own hearts. His attempts are futile as the boys simply laugh at him. The meeting soon turns chaotic due to Jacks defiance of Ralphs rules and the boys run off, led by Jack. The boys minds are still occupied with thoughts of beasts roaming the island. Ralph is still on his mission to end their fear in beasts. Jack, Ralph and Roger climb a hill late at night while searching for beasts. They see do see a beast. It is really a dead man who is suspended by his parachute. They boys only see his silhouette and they hear a flapping noise caused by the wind blowing against his equipment. The three boys run in fear. Now, even Ralph is frightened. Jacks new group fear the beast so much that they leave a gift for the beast. They took head of a hunted pig, mounted it on a pole and left it standing in the jungle. This head becomes a symbol of terror. Even the boys that put the head there became frightened and ran away because of it. Simon has been sitting alone in the jungle, starting at the fly-covered head of the dead pig as if he was in a trance. The heat becomes intense and the air is humi d and close, due to a brewing tropical storm. Suddenly, it seems as if the head the Lord of the Flies is speaking to him. It warns Simon that it is impossible to escape him, the beast, for he is a part of everyone, and he is responsible for all the difficulties that they are facing. The Lord of the Flies is explaining that there is no sense in trying to hunt and kill the beast. You knew didnt you? Im a part of you Close, close, close! Im the reason why its no go? Why things are they way they are? The Lord of the Flies answers the question of why the civilization of the boys is a failure. The destructive element is in the boys themselves in each boy. The tittle of the head, Lord of the Flies, is a literal translation of the word Beelzebub, the name of a devil in the Bible. The Lord of the Flies is a very important symbol in the novel. It is fear unleashed. The pigs head represents the evil of unreason. The files that buzz over the intestines of the sow are instinctive beings, and the y represent the primitive urges that are beginning to dominate the boys. It is the destiny of the boys if they do not eliminate their fear of beasts beasts that are really in themselves. .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .postImageUrl , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:hover , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:visited , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:active { border:0!important; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:active , .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75 .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u08a91ab0c86f1a3b619aed78a5cbed75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men Essay After Simons encounter with the Lord of the Flies, he wanders off, despite his fear and fatigue. He crawls up a hill and immediately discovers the cause of all the terror on the island. He sees the dead pilot entangled in some rocks and flapping in the breeze. Simon staggers off to inform the other boys of what he has learned. Meanwhile, Jack is holding a banquet that everybody is attending, including Ralph and Piggy. Suddenly, a black shape is seen crawling from the jungle, waving and calling to them. It is Simon with his message. The Beast! the frenzied boys shout, Kill the Beast! In their fear, they failed to recognized that it was Simon. The crazed boys of Jacks tribe leap upon him, beating and tearing him to death, despite his cries of pain and terror. Simons message never becomes revealed. He is the only one who understands the nature of evil on the island. Therefore, he is a threat to the continuance of that evil, and so, that evil must destroy him. Simons death leads to the s avages turning their violence to Piggy and Ralph. Jack soon steals Piggys glasses which foreshadows his inevitable death. Without glasses, Piggy cannot see, therefore loosing all knowledge. Roger tries to kill Piggy by rolling a huge boulder at him, trying to kill him in his futile attempts to get his glasses back. Piggy hears the boulder, but he cannot see where it is coming from. Piggy and the conch are crushed beneath it. With Piggy dead, and the conch broken, Ralph has no hope of becoming the leader again. Without Ralph as the leader, the boys will remain in primitive disorder and chaos. The hope of Ralph regaining power ends, along with the hope of the hunters overcoming the beast. Ralph, being the only one that has not joined Jacks tribe, is feared somewhat and is being hunted down. Jacks tribe has many forms of torture awaiting Ralph on his capture. While the boys are chasing Ralph, he collapsed in exhaustion, but when he looked up he saw a naval officer standing before him. Ralph is finally free from the terror and the evil of the island. The naval officer is shocked that several boys have been killed and that all traces of civilization have disappeared. The boys begin to cry. The naval officer turns his back and contemplates the sight of his cruiser in which he is sent out to do something as primitive as killing and destroying. Golding seems to be suggesting that fear, and its complications, is the source of all evil. It caused the majority of the boys to commit unspeakable acts of violence and immorality. Ralphs phrase, the darkness of mans heart. vividly describes his feelings of shame and confusion of how the others could be so bad. At the end of the novel, he cries for the end of innocenceand the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. Their fears were rooted in beasts throughout the novel. This led the boys offering a gift to this beast, and innocent boys being murdered. Category: English

Alice Paul & Womens Equality essays

Alice Paul & Women's Equality essays Alice Paul was born on January 11,1885, in Moorestown, New Jersey. Her father, who died when Alice was sixteen, was a businessman, banker, and property owner. The Pauls lived in the small Quaker community of Moorestown. One of the beliefs of the Quakers was equality of the sexes. As a young girl, Alice attended the Quaker suffrage Alice Pauls' father left them enough money so she could attend the exclusive Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She graduated in 1905 as a biology major, but after discovering politics in her senior year, she went on to attend the New York School of Philanthropy. She majored in sociology, and spent all of her spare time working for the In 1907, Paul earned a master's degree in sociolgy. She went to England to continue her work toward her doctorate degree. She was begin- ning to realize that she couldn't change the situation by social work alone, but needed to change the actual laws. Women had no voice in either England or America to change any law. The suffrage movement was different in England than in the States. British suffragists had begun wild women protests in 1905. They would sneak into male political meetings, and disrupt the meetings by shouting questions, wave with the Women's Social and Political Union, she was warned of possible imprisonment. This threat did not prevent her from sneaking into political events. She was arrested ten times in England, three of which ended in prison time. While in prison, she continued to protest the government's refusal to let women vote or speak publicly, by not eating. She was force-fed for four weeks. She returned to America in 1910, where she continued her studies and her suffrage work. ...

Political Advertising essays

Political Advertising essays Political Advertisings Influence on News, the Public, and Their Behavior In this article, the author Marilyn Roberts says that there are two ways of political advertising to influence the public opinion towards the candidates. According to her the candidates have the ability to influence voters directly through paid advertising and indirectly through their campaigns. Roberts also says that agenda setting plays a big role in political advertising. The main idea of the article is the use of political advertisements to deliverer the salience or the importance of the information about the candidates or the issues to the public. She also uses other authors articles and researches in order to give us more information and examples about the political advertising. Based on other authors researches, Roberts demonstrates that political advertising was a contributing factor to candidate choice in the decision making process. She suggests that a particular advertisement may have a variety of effects based on voters needs and motivations. She talks about the triad relationship that a high level of television exposure leads to a high level of advertising exposure, which in turn leads to high effect toward candidate and high salience of issues stressed in the candidates advertisements. People do not know about some of the existing problems and they only find them out during the elections. The candidates bring out different kind of issues and problems that are in the public interests, and they promise to solve them if they get elected. So people choose the candidates by looking what kind of issues they will raise. But unfortunately, we have to agree that it is only for a short period of time until they get elected. As we all know, most of the candidates just forget or do not care anymore about those issues afterwards. The author distinguishes four main aims of political advertising. The...

Lipstick Traces and Kalle Lasn's Contemporary Fluxus Text Essay

Lipstick Traces and Kalle Lasn's Contemporary Fluxus Text - Essay Example Culture jamming seeks to raise the power relationship in the object, situation, or discourse to the clarity of immediate criticism, Lasn's conception is highly flexible, which consists of nearly any project or performance that welds art, protest, and humor. It includes a wide array of activities, from counter-surveillance to illegal computer hacking to ad busting. The term â€Å"culture jamming was coined by Kalle Lasn in the book Culture Jam. Lassn , the founder of the anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters, is on a mission to intervene in the media spectacle and work against our habits of blind consumerism. Dyke Action and the Guerrilla Girls are actually more militant than traditional culture jammers. Dyke Action, along with groups such as Gran Fury, Fierce Pussy, Lesbian Avengers, and ACT UP confront serious lesbian and gay issues. The Guerrilla Girls have become renown not only for posters and slogans, but for lectures, public appearances, and books protesting women’s repre sentation as both artists and as subjects. Their work touches on global issues and is concerned with the oppression of women worldwide. What is the spectacle? It's everything - humor, advertising, television, and so forth - comprising today's "spectacular level of commodity consumption and hype," as Kalle Lasn wrote in Culture Jam. And to show how deep the spectacle's recuperation has penetrated social life, successors of situationist theory have been absorbed into the spectacle they fought against. Having become marketing experts, advertising consultants, and advanced campaign managers, many of the culture jammers are now the prizes and trophies of capitalist domination. Not just an accessory source for marketing gurus, radicalism and rebellion are the dialectical anti-thesis of capitalism and thus the perfect synthesis for "post-ideological", late capitalist domination. This Jack in the Box advertisement that I photographed is a perfect example. Culture jamming gets our initial at tention mostly because of the innovative way in which they use imagery, striving to shock and provoke. In this way they are actually enlarging the amount of expressions that are deemed acceptable by the public. What was once provoking, like billboards of Marlboro Country superimposed on images of urban decay, now forms the common element in Diesel's Brand 0 campaign. The use of the original technique by culture jammers consecrated it as cool, and Diesel can now use this to their own benefit. Seen from this angle, culture jamming is working against itself. According to du Gay, meaning is created in dislocation. Dislocation is inevitable, and occurs in our case when a projected brand identity is unable to represent itself entirely objective. In order to be constituted as such, the brand depends on a constitutive outside, the consumers. Put simply, a brand identity must be accepted as such by consumers for it to be perceived as real. Du Gay calls uses the notion of vectors pulling in d ifferent directions. This creates a dynamic process, where meaning and perceived reality is the outcome. I have argued that the massive presence of promotional messages can be seen as part of our perceived realities. Thus, producers and consumers of brands

Sustainable Design in Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable Design in Tourism - Essay Example It is only recently that there has been a growing recognition of the importance of combining the needs of traditional urban management (transportation, land use planning, marketing, economic development, fire, and safety etc.) with the need to plan for tourism.† Sustainable design includes structures, which need fewer materials, and resources to construct and maintain are relatively more healthy and comfortable to work and live in. it does not mean a new building style rather it is a revolution in how people think about design, build, and operate buildings. One of the main aims of sustainable design is to reduce the harm caused by poorly designed buildings by combining the best of old building approaches with the new technological advances. Sustainable tourism is â€Å"an industry which attempts to make a low impact on the environment and local culture while helping to generate income, employment, and the conservation of local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive.† Constructions have huge impacts on the environment. In industrialized countries, carbon dioxide emissions from the constructions form the half of total national carbon emissions and construction waste account for 35-40 percent of national annual waste output. The 60’s of the twentieth century witnessed the construction of several hundred uncomfortable and uneconomical resorts which required most expensive devices of refrigeration and heating. Though modern construction is much more energy and resources efficient than the building’s in the 60’s, they are still far from sustainable and eco-friendly. It is a fact that many resorts continue to be designed with little regards for improved comfort, climate, or reduction of energy, water, and waste during construction and occupation.

Construction Project for Denver International Airport

Construction Project for Denver International Airport 1. Project Concept and Strategy 1.1 Is the decision to build a new airport at Denver a strategically sound decision? Give Reasons for your opinion. Yes, the decision to build a new airport at Denver is a strategically sound one. This is because Denvers Stapleton Airport was experiencing brisk growth prior to deregulations. Deregulation meant open market competition that would bring air travel within the reach of average person thereby increasing air traffic at the Stapleton Airport. Moreover, the regional council of governments predicted that the airport would not be able to handle the necessary traffic by 2000. Stapleton could have been modernized giving it a lease of life for another five years but Denvers remote location meant that the insufficient capacity problem would still persest and could cause city to lose valuable business. Denver Stapleton airport was also one of the major connecting airports and was ranked in top ten worst air traffic bottlenecks in United States. These bottlenecks at Denver affected other airports as it had only two runways located very closely to each other which in bad weather were considered one. The new airport was meant to solve this bottleneck problem for Denver city. Stapleton airport was affected by high velocity winds which resulted in operations being shifted from one direction to the other, this procedure wasted 45 minutes. The new airport would bring this time to 4 minutes thereby saving cost and time for the airport. 1.2 Using the Gray and Larsons model, write a simple project scope statement for DIA project. Project Objective: Constructing a world class international airport that would serve the needs of the city for at least fifty to sixty years with an estimated cost of $1.7 billon. Deliverables:- Building a world class international airport for Denver City. Ten 12,000 runways and two 16,000 foot runway. 327 foot FAA air traffic control and a base building structure. Runway/taxiway lighting system. Creation of a buffer zone to protect surrounding residents. Building three concourses with 72 airline gates and 18 commuter gates. DCV baggage handling system for the entire airport. Milestones:- Passing of Airport Referendum. Land Selection and other legal clearance Airport Design Project Management teams selection Construction of the runways Construction of airport facilities Opening Day Technical Requirements:- Continuos noise monitoring and limits on business which are in direct competition with the existing business in Adams County. Prohibiting residential development within 60 LDN noise level. Translucent tent-like roof for the Airport. Runway/taxiway lighting system. All three concourses to provide 70 airline gates and 18 commuter gates. Fully automated baggage handling system. Limits and exclusions:- BAE would design and build the automated baggage handling system. U.S. West Communication Services was responsible for Airports telephone services. The City of Denver, Greiner Engineering and Morrison-Kundse Engineering will comprise the project management team and will be responsible for information management, managing costs, scheduled coordination and administration of the contractors. New Orleans Architectural firm responsible for creating standards that would unify the whole airport and to do the schematics and design development of the main terminal. Review with customer:- Review is to be done with the Denver City Council. 2. Project define and planning 2.1 Did the project plan explain how risk management, and any changes in the project would be controlled? Should this be part of the plan? Give reasons. DIA project plan did not explain how risk management or any other changes in the project would be controlled. Project Management teams often use Statement of work (SWO) or Project Charter to establish risk limits (Larson Gray, 2011). DIA case study does not provide any evidence as to the use of these documents to establish risk and to manage them. Risk are always perceived to have negative impact but they can also be positive (Turbit, 2011). Therefore, Risk management is very crucial part in project planing as the future is uncertain and what risk management can do is to identify all the potential risk and assign contingence plan for the same. Turbit (2011), has given the basic steps for risk management, these are:- Risk Identification Risks Quantification Risk Response Risk Monitoring and control By following these simple steps, risks can be identified and appropriate contingencies plans for them same can be made. These steps if followed correctly justify the importance of risk management in project management. 2.2 How many times has the DIA project changed the scope and what are the effects of scope changes on project management? Project Scope is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The work that needs to be accomplished to deliver a product, Service, or result with the specified features and functions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Going by this definition the scope of DIA has been changed seven times thereby extending the deadline of the project. These are as follows:- In March 1993:- Denver Mayor announced that opening would be postponed to December of 1993. The effect of this is the rise in cost form $1.7 billion to $2.7 billion. In October 1993:- Opening date pushed to March 1994. Delay associated with problems in Baggage handling system and fire- security system. The effect of this was the projects cost rising to $3.1 billion and upset cargo carriers. In December 1993:- Due to incomplete baggage handling system another delay announced. In February 1994:- Opening rescheduled to May 1994 due to the incomplete baggage handling system. In May 1994:- Another delay in opening and Hiring of two German experts who had worked on a similar baggage handling system at Frankfurt airport. In August 1994:- Indefinite delay in opening announced, manual backup baggage handling system. The effect is, rising costs now estimated at over $4 billion. The effect of scope changes on project management is scope creep and rising costs. DIA project managers have incorporate so many small changes giving rise to so much additional work that the budget in hand and the time needed to accomplish the project is now insufficient resulting in seven delays in project completion. 2.3 Recommend a suitable project organisation structure for DIA project and justify your choice. The project organisation structure that I would recommend for DIA project is Organising projects as dedicated teams. Following are the reasons for my choice:- Simple: As the project teams comprise of specialists the functional organisations working is not affected by the formation of such project organisational structures (Larson Gray, 2011). If this structure was adopted the City of Denver would have been kept out of Project management and only the specialist team would have been responsible for the project Fast: It has been observed that dedicates teams accomplish the projects much more quickly as every team members effort is dedicated to one common goal (Larson Gray, 2011). In DIA this was not the case as three Project Management teams were coordinating there effort. Staff adhesion and high motivation: Team members show high degree of motivation, adhesion and responsibility as everyone in the team is working for a common goals (Larson Gray, 2011). If DIA had followed this structure the responsibility and ownership of task would have been much easier. Cross Functional Integration: People with different skill set work towards the optimisation of project even if it is not there area of expertise (Larson Gray, 2011). Freedom to project manager: compared to other to form of project organisation structure the project manager has comparatively more freedom to control their team resulting in better and quicker decision making (Larson Gray, 2011). 3. Communication and Stakeholder Management 3.1 Project communications were apparently poor. Give examples of two communication mishaps and justify your answer. According to Larson Gray (2011) Communication is one of the main components in project management. However, in DIAs case the communication was rather poor. Examples of two communication mishaps are as follows:- No inputs from the two major Airlines in the design phase: 80% of the flights at Stapleton airport were controlled by United and Continental yet no inputs or their involvement in design face was never sought. This was a major communication mishap, because these two would be the major controllers of flights at the new Denver International Airport. Failure to get their vital input in the design phase was a failure on the part of PMT. DCV system: Good project communication plan would have told the team member about the issues and risks associated with this complex baggage handling system. But communication in regards to DCA system was a diaster in project management perspective. The terminal construction had already begun and no one knew what the design of DCV system was. No one was aware of the risks and complexity associated with such system. This is an instance of a major failure of communication in the DIA project. 3.2 Why was Unites Airline opposed to expansion of Front Range Airport? UPS wanted to build a regional hub at the Front Range Airport. This required federal funds. If FAA granted funds for UPS regional hub then a commercial airlines could not be prohibited from setting up shops in the Front Range Airport. As costs were already fixed the threat to United Airlines was from the low cost carriers who would have operated at Front Range Airport. If this happened it would reduce the passenger traffic at DIA which equated to less profit for United Airlines. To curb UPS ambitions United filed a lawsuit. Moreover, it also secured the passenger number at the new DIA airport. 3.3 Why is Stakeholder involvement so critical? Briefly explain four main stakeholders interests or objectives? Stakeholders includes everyone whose interest the project affects negatively or positively (Larson Gray, 2011). This definition of the stakeholder makes it very clear how important stakeholders are to a project. If the Project Manager does not understand how different stakeholders affect the project it can de detrimental for the projects completion. Therefore, it is important to manage their dependency on the project. Four main stakeholders and their interest / objectives Adams County: Adam County is interested in DIA because it is being constructed in their area. Their objective is to ensure the interests and safety of people living in its area. This is being done by creating buffer zones, keeping the noise pollution down and the limits on new business opening as a consequence of DIAs construction. New Orleans-based architectural firm:- One of the contractors of DIA. Their objectives are:- Creating standards for the unification of the airport and taking the design of main terminal through design development and schematics. BAE:- One of the contractors for DIA. Their objectives are to design and build the baggage handling system within two years. U.S. West Communication Services: Is one of the contractors in the DIA project. They are responsible for the telephone services of DIA. 4. Risk Management 4.1 What appears to be the single greatest risk in the decision to build DIA-discuss? The single greatest risk in the decision to building DIA is that the construction of the Airport began 1989 without a signal contract being signed between DIA and the two major airlines, Continental and United. These two airlines were the main stakeholder in the project and were likely to control 80% of the flights at DIA as they did in Stapleton airport, they convinced DIA to make some substantial changes and addition to the originally plans. DIA did oblige to their request but without any agreement between them. If the two later on decided not to operate at DIA they could not be forced to do so as they were not legally bound by any contracts. 4.2 How did DIA project handle risk? Was this effective? What might they have done? DIA only did the preliminary risk analysis which involved only three areas, these were weather, cost and human resources. Apart form this no risks analysis were done. These risks analysis were not that effective as it was seen in cost risk analysis where the bids for construction were received below citys own estimates. DIA project did not have a proper risk management programme. After Mr Waddles left DIA to join State of Colorado the project was without a full-time risk manager for several months and eventually a replacement was found in Molly Austin Flaherty. To sum up whatever endeavours DIA undertook in regards to risk management were unsuccessful. To manage risks more effectively DIA should have undertaken the risk management process. This process includes four steps, these are (Larson Gray, 2011):- Risk Identification Risk Assessment Risk Response Development Risk Response Control If DIA had diligently followed these steps it would have been in a far better position to identify all the risk involved with the project and develop appropriate responses for them. 5. Contracting Services 5.1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Construction began without a signed agreement from Continental and United Airlinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?- why is a formal signed agreement necessary in this project? Continental and United were the main stakeholders in the DIA project; together both controlled 80% of the flights at the Stapleton airport. Given their existing presence in the Denver air space it was given that they would be the major users of the new DIA airport. Denver City Council should have formally involved Continental and United in the DIA project as they could have given vital inputs at the design phase and should have sign an agreement with them. Instead, DIA project planners made important changes to the original design on suggestions made by the two airlines. Moreover, these changes were made to the original plan without any contract being signed between them and the two airlines. DIA should have signed agreement with both of them as this would have lead to the sharing of risk that would have risen through the changes proposed by the two airlines (Larson Gray, 2011). The commitment would also have assured a commitment of maintaining a certain number of flights at the new DIA airport. However, DIA opted for not having any agreement with the two airlines. This left DIA venerable, as both could reduce their operations at the new DIA airport or withdraw from the new venture altogether. This meant that the very companies on whose base the billion dollar investment was planned and constructed could walk out at will as they were not binded by any formal agreements. 5.2 What contractors were involved in the DIA project and briefly explain two main contractors performances. The Contractors that were involved in the DIA project are:- Morrision-Knudseb Engineering (MKE):- Contracted for Project Management Team. Greiner Engineering: Contracted for Project Management Team. New Orleans Based Architecture firm: Contracted for creating unified standards for airport and taking the design of main terminal through schematics and design developments. BAE: Contracted for the design and building of baggage handling system. US West Communication Services: Contracted for DIAs telephone services. Union Pacific: Contracting for designing track for the train that would connect Denver to DIA. Bechtel Corporation: Responsible for transferring of airport facilities from Stapleton airport to DIA, this has to be done over night. Two Main Contractors Performance:- BAE: They were responsible for designing and building the automated baggage handing system. BAE was brought into the project after 3 years of construction and still BAE miscalculated the time it needed to complete the project and committed to do the entire work in two years which otherwise would have taken eight years. BAE miscalculated the work involved which resulted in the baggage handling system not being delivered at the required time. To sum up BAEs performance was unsatisfactory for this project. Greiner Engineering: Was one of the firms in the project management team (PMT). The PMT did not perform satisfactorily. Things such as risk management, project communication biding, to name few, were not performed satisfactorily by the PMT. 5.3 Did the project follow a systematic bid process? What might they have done? No, the project did not follow a systematic bid process. Case litterateur does give some evidence in regards to the biding process but it is not strong enough to classify the biding process as systematic. There is an instance in case where the New Orleans based architecture firm was selected on their past experience with Denver city council thereby providing further evidence that a systematic biding process was not followed. DIA should have followed the RFP process. The first step the Project manager should have done was to develop the Request of Proposal (RFP) for the project or for parts of it (Larson Gray, 2011). Then the RFP/s should have been announced to the outside contractors with adequate capabilities and expertise (Larson Gray, 2011). The next step would have sees the interested contractors submitting written bids which would have been followed by DIA project mangers selecting the bid that best meet the requirements of RFP/s (Larson Gray, 2011). This process would have ended by providing explanations to contractors as to why they were not selected (Larson Gray, 2011). 6. Progress Monitoring and Control 6.1 Identify the main causes of schedule variation in DIA project. Numbers of causes were associated with the scheduled variation of the DIA project but the main ones are listed as follows:- DCV baggage handling system: according to case literature the baggage handling system delayed the DIA project four times. Two specialists were hired from Germany to iron out the problems with the baggage handling system at the DIA airport. Ultimately a back manual system was financed by DIA authorities as the reliability and completion of the automated system could not be guaranteed by the contactors. Frequent Scope Changes: The scope of project was changed on a number of occasions, though the changes were minor but their aggregated effects on the project cost and its completion were immense. Communication Plan: The project did not have an effective communication plan. There was no communication between the different stakeholders resulting in scheduled variation of DIA project. Risk Management planning: The project managers of DIA did not evaluate the risks involved with the project nor did they develop an effective communication plan to tackle the identified risks. This also led to the scheduled variation of the project. 6.2 What would you have done when you saw that the project would not meet its schedule? If I saw that the project would not meet its deadline I would have done the following things:- Conducted an in-process Audit: In-process audit would have been used by me if I saw the project would not meet its deadline. This is because it allows for corrective actions if the situation changes keeping a strong focus on project advancement and performance (Larson Gray, 2011). This would also help to identify constraints in the project. Implementing Integrated Cost/schedule system: The major problems that the builders of DIA had were the costs, time and communication in the project which were beyond their control. According to Larson Gray (2011), as time passes the ability to influence a particular cost decreases. Therefore, a well integrated cost/schedule system will be able to keep the costs and schedule in check through timely reporting of the same. This will also aid in better decision making as all the stakeholders will be provided with the same facts and figures. Resource levelling: DIA is a time constraint project. I can use resource levelling technique to delay non-critical activities and concentrate on critical ones (Larson Gray, 2011). 7. Project Closeout 7.1 Highlight the major areas of strength in the management of this project. DIA project did not have much to speak about, but a couple of things do deserve to be mentioned, these are:- Even though DIA failed to involved all the stakeholders effectively into the project. They however, did work efficiently with stakeholders, whom they were involved with, to resolve their queries and objections. The original Airport design had four concourses but DIA project planners had efficient WBS to build only three concourses in order to keep the budget down. 7.2 The DIA project was evidently not well run. Why? Give reasons for your opinion. Yes, the DIA project was evidently not well run. The reasons are as follows:- Inadequate Risk Management: Though DIA project managers did under take risk management it was not sufficient for the project. The risk management process failed to identify critical risks which resulted in waste of time and money to cope up with such risks. Moreover, the project was without a full time Risk Manger for several months. Lack of effective communication plan: DIA did not have a well executed communication plan. Consistent and timely information about the project was not given to various stakeholders. This effected the decision making process as everyone was not on the same wave length. Scope creep: DIA project managers kept on including small tasks without realising the impact it was having on the scope of the project resulting in increased costs. 7.3 Overall, What lessons have you learnt from DIA project? The lessons learnt from the DIA project are as follows:- Involvement of main stakeholders: It is very important and crucial for a projects success to involve the main stakeholders in the project. DIA made a blunder by not involving the Continental and United in the design phase ad these two could have given vital inputs in the design phase. Moreover, their involvement in the inception stage would have meant that the later changes made by each of them to the design would not have happened. Importance of Risk Management Process:- A proper well execute risk management process is very important for an project as it prepares and makes the management about all the risk that may arise and equips them with options to tackle the risks as and when they may arise. Importance of communication plan: A well executed communication plan delivers consistent information to the various stakeholders thereby increasing the speed of decision making process. Setting realistic goals: Management should take into account the budget and the time before setting up any goals. Prime example in the case is of the automated baggage handling system. The system involved eight years of work but the contractor committed to complete it in two years which was not a realistic goal. Proper biding process should be followed: A proper RFP process should be followed. This given equal chance for all the external contractors to participate in the biding process and ensures that deserving contractors will be selected which ultimately will be beneficial for the project.

Modern Business Environment Essay

To what extent is the ‘soft’ HRM model achievable and desirable for organisations in the modern business environment? The modern business environment For the past few hundred years the business environment has been mostly based upon turning man hours and materials into hard products (produce). What we are seeing now is a shift away from this production by mass labour, to a system whereby goods are produced by machine and the services needed to facilitate this are produced by man. Taking the UK economy as an example, the latest economic forecast by the TUC (Fig 2) shows a steady decline of manufacturing in favour of service sector jobs. This reinforces the view that the emphasis is shifting from producing goods to providing services. â€Å"The only advantage many companies have are the competencies and abilities of their people† (Dewe 2002). With firms using the same machines competitive advantage (or disadvantage) is created by the knowledge and skills of the employees. Tom Watson Jr, former President of IBM recognised the shift: â€Å"all the value of this company is in its people. If you burnt down all of our plants & we just kept our people & information files, we would soon be as strong as ever. Take away our people & we might never recover† (People Management 1998:34). Knowledge therefore is power, we are moving from a physical economy to one A UK government report (Competitiveness White Paper 1999) sees this new environment as requiring â€Å"†¦greater receptiveness to know-how and the ability to see its commercial potential; eagerness to keep on learning at all levels in a business; and a flair in spotting new customer needs and fresh business opportunities.† This suggests that the modern business environment is a place where knowledge is key. In his speech to the Business Link annual conference, Peter Mandelson MP Secretary of State for Trade & Industry saw the knowledge economy as â€Å"transforming old jobs as much as creating new, with implications for manufacturing and service industries alike.† This leads us to the idea that the modern business environment is a place where investment is required in human capital to produce this knowledge economy. In the modern business environment, with the emphasis on value of human capital, security can no longer depend on a job or organisation but upon the employees own skill and competences (Van Ruysseveldt 1995:3-4). Organisations may not be able to guarantee long term employment, but to entice workers of quality they must look to other means. Hard & Soft HRM HRM can be divided into two approaches: ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ (Fig.3). As we see from the diagram ‘hard’ HRM is primarily financially driven, with a fairly hard view of controlling the wages bill, workers are seen as a cost rather than as an asset to the organisation, the emphasis is on getting the best return on their money, creating efficiencies. The company position will take precedent over the collective views and concerns of employees. Such a way of managing human resources was demonstrated by ‘Fordism’ where the workers on the assembly line were under tight controls and even had to divulge personal information to be able to work for Ford (White Heat 1994). The work of Taylor (Taylorism) and the principles of scientific management were used in the late 19th century to allow factories to be managed through scientific methods rather than by â€Å"rule of thumb.† This idea also treated the workers as just another cog in the wheel of production and worked out the best way that the worker could operate. The modern business environment has changed greatly since the days where all workers were seen as tools to be maintained, much like machines, with regulations and tight controls. This was the hard school of HRM where peripheral workers are disposable and labour is directly productive (Beardwell & Holden 2001:98). This model can also be viewed as ‘managing headcount in a rational a way as for any other economic factor’ (Storey 1987:6). The workforce was merely a factor of production or cogs in the wheel. This ‘hard’ HRM policy suits a workforce that is involved in a repetitive job; each process is standardised to allow tighter controls. The theory is that the firm should maximise human efficiency in the same way as any other resource. This was made a success by businessmen like Henry Ford in the days of mass industrialisation. However, with the advent of high technology machinery much of the repetitive work is now done by robot leaving only jobs for skilled maintainers and operatives, not leaving much scope for hard HRM practices to survive. McDonaldisation has built upon the ideas of scientific management and the successes of men like Ford. Each part of the process of bringing the food to the customer has been scientifically scrutinised and adjusted to make it more efficient. As a result of this approach, they have a controlled workforce and a set of strict rules and procedures that ensure the workforce is working exactly as the employers wish them to. McDonalds have recognised that there is still a place for the unskilled worker, as machines cannot be relied upon to do all the jobs. In this instance there is still a place for the hard school of HRM. ‘Soft’HRM (fig 3) revolves around the development of employees. Employees are viewed as assets to the company, rather than as purely another cost of production. This requires the management to regard the workforce as partners in the work process and nurture them to maximise their output. Heery and Noon (2001) suggests soft HRM is an approach recognising the need to treat employees as assets that must be looked after. A soft HRM policy would therefore place the emphasis on training and development in order to get the best out of the workforce as opposed to tight controls (Beardwell & Holden 2001:98). Therefore, a policy of ‘soft’ HRM seeks to increase production by ‘communication, motivation and leadership’ (Storey 1987:6). Becker (1992 Nobel prize winner for economics) suggests that expenditures on education, training and medical care could all be considered as investments in human capital. â€Å"They are called human capital, because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills, health or values in the way they can be separated from their financial and physical assets† (Donkin 2002) If employees have an inherent capital value for their knowledge and skills, it would be reasonable to assume that an organisation can improve its competitive-edge through the excellence of its people (SHL group 2002). The work of Maslows goes some way to explaining the reasons why humans need this development and training. Maslow suggests that individuals have a hierarchy of needs (fig 1). Fig 1 outlines Maslows theory that human nature drives individuals to satisfy ‘instinctual’ needs. The theory suggests that once an individual has achieved one set of needs they are no longer motivated to seek this (as they already have it) and will continue to want more thus rising up the hierarchy. Maslow’s theory would seem to suggest that a firm must ensure that employee’s needs are continually met not only the safety and physiological aspects (the legal requirements of an employee’s contract) to increasing employee productivity. If a firm has to continue to meet ever increasing needs to motivate staff then this theory would be a good explanation of why firms use ‘soft’ HRM. Types of ‘soft’ initiatives * Flexible working, working from home or allowing workers the choice of hours outside a core time of 10:00-15:00 for example. * Job Sharing, by allowing employees to become multi skilled (training) they can operate in a variety of roles thus making their job appear more interesting but also allowing a backup if an employee were to be off work at any time. * Parental leave, with the increased pressures on family life many firms now offer special breaks for staff with children, from allowing days off for hospital appointments to paid paternity leave. * Performance related pay; this could be seen as a hard or soft perspective dependant upon viewpoint. If a system of bonuses exists for good work this would be a soft measure. If (‘tele’ sales) you only get paid if you hit certain targets, this would be a hard measure. The primary argument in favour of PRP is that it acts as a motivator, through both providing incentives in the form of monetary rewards and by recognising achievements. Further benefits cited include the fact that individuals can identify closely with their employers’ goals and that this can increase productivity and encourage quality, flexibility and teamwork (Armstrong and Murlis, 1991). As we can see from the above examples ‘soft’ HRM is much more difficult to quantify than hard HRM. It is more an overall approach to staff welfare and development than a clear set of rules and procedures. What makes it so difficult to quantify is that two firms may claim to be operating the above ‘soft’ HRM policies but in practise they maybe very different systems. For example, the concept of flexible working can be interpreted as allowing employees freedom to choose to work from home or the office, or the firm may use the system of core hours (as above). These are two very different systems but both however come under the heading of flexible working. To decide which method a particular firm is using will require a broad look at the pay and conditions and the freedom employees enjoy. It is also useful to note that it is seldom a case of an employer operating one form of HRM, it is necessary for firms to allow their workers some freedom but at the same time retain control. A good example of this is Microsoft; they operate a seemingly soft policy on HRM with a whole range of employee benefits and training programmes (24hr nurse line, free entry to local events and professional development programmes). However, to retain the knowledge and skills that they develop the firm insists that if an employee is to leave the company they must not work in the computer industry for a period of 6 months. This shows that the organisation is willing to invest time and money to maintain a highly trained workforce but at the same time keeps a tight control on them. Why is ‘Soft’ HRM Desirable? To examine the reasons why a firm should adopt policies of soft HRM we must look at the dangers of not doing this. A recent CIPD survey (CIPD 10/2001) has outlined the costs of organisations for not retaining and motivating staff. The survey has shown that one in four employees left their organisation in 1999 (the highest figure since the survey was created in 1995). What was even more alarming was the cost of replacing these lost staff. The average price for replacing a management level employee was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6086 which was an increase of 28 percent on 1999 the highest cost was to replace a professional services employee which was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8316. The danger for organisations is how this turnover effects company performance, two thirds of organisations believe this to have a negative effect with 13 percent claiming that it has a serious negative effect. The CIPDs findings suggest that staff feel freer to leave an organisation when they know they can acquire employment elsewhere. In a labour market of low unemployment it seems that firms must make themselves more attractive to their employees. RebusHR, a firm that deals with outsourced HR issues for a range of companies sees soft HRM as â€Å"a good way of retaining and attracting the best staff†¦giving people choice and a feel-good factor†¦it shows that you’re interested in them and listen to what they say†(Shepherd K 2002). In the article entitled â€Å"Profitable personnel† (People management 1998:28-31) West and Patterson suggest that good employee relations are directly inked to increased performance. In their survey the ‘Sheffield effectiveness programme’ they found that people management ‘†¦is not only critical to business performance: it also far outstrips emphasis on quality, technology, competitive strategy or research and development in its influence on the bottom line.’ The survey looked at a firm called Zotefoams, which operated an ‘enlightened’ HRM policy. Workers on the shop floor operated in teams and were multi-skilled; they also had a certain level of responsibility for dealing with work priorities and quality problems. The aim was to create a multi-skilled and motivated workforce with more responsibility at the lower levels freeing up management for other tasks. With the management freed up for other duties this allowed the firm to be that much more flexible. Out of the 100 firms surveyed, Zotefoams enjoyed the highest profits and productivity over the seven-year period of the survey. In the final paragraph of the article, West and Patterson sum up their conclusions ‘†¦ those in which the managers have eagerly addressed these challenges [developing skills and ownership] that have experienced rapid improvements in financial performance.’ The findings in the ‘Sheffield effectiveness programme’ are backed up by a study by the Sunday Times (100 Best Companies to Work for 2002) in which 21,000 people were studied over a period of months from the bottom end of the corporate ladder. In an article within this publication, Milton Moskowitz and Robert Levering suggest that ‘Being a generous employer is not just good public relations – it’s also good for business, especially when times are hard.’ This viewpoint makes sense if we take into consideration the negative effect of labour turnover on a company’s performance and the high cost of recruitment. Entering into ‘soft’ practices in human resource management should save the organisation in the long term. The Human Capital Index, developed by the consultancy Watson Wyatt (Overell 2002) is based upon data of HR policies and practices gathered from 600 companies. This data is correlated against financial information. The firm believes it has identified how HR policies are effective predictors of value – and which policies bring most value to the organisation. Organisations with â€Å"the best† HR practices deliver twice as much value to shareholders as their average competitors (Overell 2002). Is soft HRM achievable? According to RebusHR (a large human resources organisation which handles HRM issues for clients such as DaimlerChryslerUK) the biggest barrier to the concept of soft HRM practices is the administrative burden of co-ordinating the information (Shepherd K 2002). This stems from the problem that ‘soft’ HRM is intangible, whilst it is possible to relate high staff turnover to lack of ‘enlightened’ HRM policies, it is not possible to directly quantify the benefits derived from the existence of ‘soft’ policies. This leads organisations to see the cost and extra burden placed upon the HR department with an introduction of a soft HR policy, but it is difficult for this to be weighed up against the benefits on paper. In the IPD survey â€Å"Benefiting from a balanced life† (July/Aug 1999) of the firms questioned many were operating soft policies with 75% offering paternity leave and 57% offering parents special dispensation for time off to look after their children. Popular also were job sharing schemes (57%) and flexi-time systems (47%). From this survey we can see evidence that firms are operating soft HRM policies, what is unclear from the research is to what extent these policies affect the bottom line. The impact of soft HRM is intangible which means it leads us to the problem of quantifying any real benefits. The whole concept of soft HRM appears to be to retain and motivate staff, in the TUC economic forecast we see a high level of employee turnover in the services sector (hotels, restaurants) show the highest levels of employee turnover, but is this as a result of hard HRM practises? true turnover costs are more complex than simply figuring out the average cost of replacement. The costs of losing a good performer are greater than the costs of losing an average performer. The true cost of losing a key seasoned player is hard to estimate. There is the investment in development of the employee, the value of the knowledge and experience gained, and the lost productivity that also have to be considered to arrive at a true cost figure. In the case of McDonalds we see a split between management staff and shop floor workers. Whilst the management have many flexible benefits (PRP, bonus, life/health insurance etc) the workers on the shop floor do not (McDonalds 2002). They are regarded as cogs in the wheel and are treated fairly but firmly as in the hard school of HRM. As a consequence of this, shop floor turnover is higher than that of the management. However, is this higher turnover a result of the HRM policy? Or is it a nature of the type of work? What I would suggest is that the sort of work involved with working on the shop floor of McDonalds is not conducive to a long career in that position. The result of this would be the high staff turnover for low skilled repetitive jobs. The dilemma facing HRM managers is that they need low skilled workers to provide the services such as discussed and to operate soft HRM policies such as training would move these workers away from where they were needed. We therefore cannot have it both ways there must be a balance between employee development and retaining quality people for their positions. If soft HRM seeks to address the retention and motivation of staff we must not lose sight of the fact that we do still need low skilled workers. Soft HRM assumes the existence of a knowledge society (Livingston 2001), the emphasis is on the human resources manager the harness the knowledge. Knowledge work is typically considered to be about variety and exception rather than routine. It is generally considered to be performed by professional workers with high levels of skill and expertise. Livingstone makes the point that the potential for waste of this knowledge through bad management is ‘immense and gut wrenching.’ This claim is given substance by Thompson. In his research only 14 percent of employees received any training at all and that almost half of that lasted for less than a week (figures referring to the UK 2001). For HRM to work effectively we must reorganize work to firstly make the most of existing knowledge and human capital but also to develop this human capital to maximise future performance. In this modern business environment knowledge takes the leading place from other drivers of economic change such as labour, technology and markets. The dilemma we face with soft HRM is that (as explained above in the McDonalds example) a lot of routine work is done by workers with minimal training and knowledge and only small numbers of highly skilled employees are required. Thompson pointed out that if employment growth is not dominated by knowledge work it’s going to be dominated by something else. There are strong and clear indications that it is dominated by low skill, routine work largely in the service sector. We can’t make every job high skill, high wage, and high learning because there are jobs that neither the employee nor employer can grow. One of the reasons they can’t be grown is because, in our other guise as consumers, a lot of us want the cheapest possible flights, goods, services and so on. We can’t have it both ways. If we want cheap, controllable, efficient service, we’re not going to create a lot of high wage, high skill, high learning jobs. There are many dilemmas associated with the ideas of hard and soft HRM. We must realise that we cannot expand the knowledge and skills of all members of society infinitely. There will always be a place for the unskilled worker and as such there must be a place for hard HRM. However, in todays changing environment soft measures must come to the fore. The notion of ‘the velvet glove concealing the iron fist of hard HRM’ (Beardwell & Holden 2001:93) shows that even soft measures are still measures of control. No matter how soft a companies HRM policies appear to be, they will still be designed for the benefit of the organisation rather than of the individual. The bottom line must always come first. Figures and tables Fig 1 Fig 2 : TUC (2002) Fig 3: Cornelius et al 2002    Bibliography ACAS, found at http://www.acas.org.uk/ [accessed 10/11/02] Armstrong, M and H Murlis, 1991 & 1994. Reward Management – A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice Second & Third edition. London: Kogan Page ltd. Beardwell & Holden, Human Resource Management, A contemporary Perspective, 2nd Edition, 1997 Beardwell & Holden, Human Resource Management, A contemporary Perspective, 3rd Edition, 2001 Becker, G, cited in Donkin R, 30/10/2002 – Employees as investors – FT 30/10/02 Bexhill College, http://intranet.bexhillcolledge.ac.uk [Accessed 18/10/02] CIPD, Labour turnover survey, October 2001 found at: http://www.cipd.co.uk [accessed 30/10/02] Cornelius N, Gagnon S, Found at: http://www.thomsonlearning.co.uk/businessandmanagement/ cornelius2/intro.pdf [Accessed 13/11/02] Derek Duffy, TMS Institute, http://www.tms.com.au/forum/dcforumid5/59.html#1 [Accessed 18/10/02] Dewe, P, cited in Overell, S, 30/10/2002 – The metric system for performance – FT 30/10/02 Heery, E. and Noon, M. (2001) A Dictionary of Human Resource Management, Oxford University Press IPD, Benefiting from a balanced life, July/Aug 1999http://www.cipd.co.uk [accessed 30/10/02] Livingston, D. (1999). The Education-jobs gap: Underemployment and economic democracy. Toronto, ON: Garamond Press. Livingston, D. (2001). Worker control as the missing link: Relations between paid/unpaid work and work-related learning. In Second International Conference on Researching Work and Learning Conference Proceedings. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Faculty of Continuing Education. Mandelson P, Business Link annual conference – 7 October 1999. Microsoft Website, http://www.microsoft.com [Accessed 19/10/02] Overell, S, 30/10/2002 – The metric system for performance – FT 30/10/02 People Management, 8 January 1998 Peoplesoft, Available from Financial Times 31/10/02 Sennett, R. (1998). The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. Shepherd, K, cited in Murray S, 30/10/2002 – Marrying Performance with Reward – FT 30/10/02 SHL group, Available from: http://www.shlgroup.com/cases/philips.htm [Accessed 31/10/02] Storey J, 1987, Developments in the mangenment of human resources: an interim report, Warwick papers in industrial relations, Vol 17 Storey J, 1989, New perspectives on Human Resource Management Sunday Times, 100 Best Companies to Work for 2002, 24th March 2002. Thompson, 2002, Available from: http://www.ucalgary.ca/cted/confer2001/pres_summary.html [Accessed 31/10/02] TUC Economic Forecast, 2002, http://www.tuc.org.uk/economy/tuc-4028-f0.cfm UK Government White Paper , Competitiveness White Paper, Our Competitive Future; building the knowledge driven economy 1999 Van Ruysseveldt et al, 1995, Comparative Industrial and Employment Relations Watson T, cited in Mayo A, 1998 – Memory Bankers – People Management 22(1) 34-38 Welton MR, 2002, Available from: http://www.ucalgary.ca/cted/confer2001/pres_summary.html [Accessed 31/10/02] White Heat 5, Video recording, Beat of the System, London BBC, 1994

Acadamic Misconduct Essay

Academic misconduct is described as academic integrity violation for the unfair advantage of oneself or unfair academic advantage or disadvantage to others in academic community, academic misconduct can be a plagiarism, cheating, and collusion but not limited. The other academic misconduct activities such as not obeying academic staff directions regarding assessments and group work submissions, falsifying reports, having/spreading examination materials without unit teacher permission, arranging someone to do assessment work all these included as academic misconduct. If an allegation arises towards a student and if it’s proven in an investigation then student has to face penalties under student academic misconduct policy. In this essay we going to discuss in brief about plagiarism, cheating, collusion and academic misconduct procedural process depending on minor or substantial misconduct when allegations arise and appeal for the student. As per UWS policy Plagiarism is defined as an â€Å"act of presenting material as one’s own without appropriate acknowledgement that constitutes plagiarism, not the intension of the student when doing so†, for example when student submits work in which words or ideas are presented as their own as intentional or unintentional without proper acknowledgment of the original author such as website, other students work, lecture, journal article or book. Cheating is described as any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise such as examination, without due acknowledgment such as speaking to other students during examination, carrying any information materials such as textbooks, using electronics devices such as mobile, Bluetooth any other items which are prohibited by examination supervisor. Collusion is where two or more people engage in plagiarism, cheating or encourage others to do so. According to UWS Academic misconduct policy there are Minor misconduct and substantial misconduct. A Minor misconduct is determine by the university as a minimal threat to integrity of the student assessment in writing such as lack of referencing or academic requirements. A substantial misconduct is determine by the university as a major threat to integrity such as, when a student repeats minor misconduct activities intentionally, any allegations in the examination and any allegations related to collusion. In the process of investigating the allegations unit teacher, unit coordinator, Dean, school academic committee and student academic committee will be involved. in the first stage of Investigation process and hearing of academic misconduct, If unit teacher or examination supervisor believe that there is any academic misconduct happened, and they have evidence or reasons to support, teacher of the unit will report to unit coordinator with relevant documentation by signed copy or email, then with in five working days unit coordinator will send copy of allegation to the Dean. The dean, will advise unit coordinator to do investigation, and then unit coordinator and unit teacher decides to do further investigation, unit teacher will notify the student and invite for meeting in writing by post and email. Student can attend meeting with fellow student or university academic staff member or a student welfare officer. Meeting will be organised between 8 – 15 working days after on invitation letter despatch date. Student must respond to the invitation with in seven working days date of despatch whether he / she will attend the meeting or not. The decision will be made on the allegation even in the student absence. If unit coordinator decides that the allegation is not substantial he / she will dismiss it. Other penalties like refer to academic counselling, student require to re-submit assessment task after re-submission unit coordinator makes a decision on the marks and grades student may get zero marks. If the unit coordinator determine its substantial he/ she will be referred to relevant dean for decision. After going through all the process as discussed earlier in which case the unit coordinator will send the invitation letter to student for meeting with dean. After meeting if dean decides it’s not substantial dean will dismiss the allegation. When dean decides the allegations substantial then dean can penalise student such as recommend to counselling, ask for re-submission of work, if required student has to sit for exam again, dean will decide marks and grades. If dean judges that the allegation very substantial or too serious then dean refers that allegation to SAC (student academic committee). After going all the process as discussed above, student will have meeting with SAC members. After meeting if SAC decides if allegation are true it will take any action of dean penalties or combination of them, or suspend the student from university minimum period of 6months not more than 12 months, or dismiss the student for minimum of 12 months not more than 24 months in this case student has to apply for readmission or SAC can suspend the student permanently from the university. A student can appeal against the unit coordinators decision when student considers that the decision was made against the procedural fairness or when student not agreeing with allegations or when student considers that there is a substantial new evidence which was not available previously to unit coordinator or when student considers the penalty imposed by unit coordinator was too severe. Student must appeal within 15 days with evidence in writing to dean from the date of the letter advising of unit coordinators decision. It is the responsibility of every student to respect and obey the policy of UWS for academic misconduct to maintain academic integrity among academic community, when allegations were proven the student has to face severe penalties imposed by university academic committee besides the appeal options for student, The best option for students is to work hard on their own and get help when needed from academic teachers before submitting any academic work.